Conjunctions and Connectors

Conjunctions and Connectors (সংযোজক শব্দ)

Conjunction কী?

Definition: A conjunction is a word or group of words that joins words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা: যে শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ দুটি word, phrase, clause বা idea-কে যুক্ত করে এবং তাদের সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে তাকে Conjunction বলে।

• Rina and Mina are friends.
• He is poor but honest.
• I stayed home because it was raining.

Conjunction শুধু অংশ যুক্ত করে না; addition, contrast, reason, result, condition, purpose, time বা choice-এর সম্পর্কও বোঝায়।

তিন প্রধান শ্রেণি

1. Coordinating Conjunction
2. Subordinating Conjunction
3. Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS

সমান grammatical rank-এর word, phrase বা independent clause যুক্ত করে। মনে রাখার সূত্র: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So।

For — কারণ

• We stayed indoors, for it was raining.

Formal writing-এ for reason বোঝাতে পারে; এটি সাধারণত sentence-এর শুরুতে ব্যবহৃত হয় না।

And — যোগ বা ধারাবাহিকতা

• Rina bought a pen and a notebook.
• He opened the door and entered the room.

Nor — নেতিবাচক বিকল্প

• He did not call, nor did he write.

Independent clause-এর পরে nor এলে inversion হয়: nor + auxiliary + subject।

But — বৈপরীত্য

• The task was difficult, but she completed it.

Or — বিকল্প বা পরিণাম

• Would you like tea or coffee?
• Hurry up, or you will miss the train.

Yet — অপ্রত্যাশিত বৈপরীত্য

• He is rich, yet he is unhappy.

So — ফল

• It was raining, so the match was cancelled.

Coordinating Clause এবং Comma

দুটি independent clause coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত হলে সাধারণত conjunction-এর আগে comma বসে:

• The road was blocked, so we took another route.

শুধু দুটি word/phrase যুক্ত হলে সাধারণত comma লাগে না:

• She bought pens and pencils.

Subordinating Conjunction

একটি dependent clause-কে main clause-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে। Subordinate clause একা সম্পূর্ণ sentence হতে পারে না।

• We stayed indoors because it was raining.
• Although he was tired, he continued working.

Subordinate clause আগে এলে সাধারণত comma বসে; পরে এলে প্রায়ই লাগে না।

Cause and Reason

because, since, as clause-এর আগে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• We cancelled the trip because it was raining.
• Since you are ready, we can begin.

Because of, due to, owing to-এর পরে noun বা noun phrase বসে:

• The trip was cancelled because of the rain.

ভুল: because of it was raining

Contrast and Concession

although, though, even though-এর পরে clause বসে।

• Although he was tired, he continued working.

Despite, in spite of-এর পরে noun, pronoun বা gerund বসে।

• Despite being tired, he continued working.
• In spite of the rain, they played.

Although/though-এর সঙ্গে একই clause structure-এ but ব্যবহার করা হয় না:

• Incorrect: Although he was tired, but he worked.
• Correct: Although he was tired, he worked.
• Correct: He was tired, but he worked.

Condition

if, unless, provided/providing that, as long as, in case condition বোঝায়।

• If you work hard, you will succeed.
• You will not succeed unless you work hard.
• Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Unless সাধারণত if…not অর্থ প্রকাশ করে; তার clause-এ আবার not দেওয়া উচিত নয়।

• Incorrect: Unless you do not hurry, you will miss the train.
• Correct: Unless you hurry, you will miss the train.

Time

when, while, before, after, until, since, as soon as, whenever, once সময়ের সম্পর্ক বোঝায়।

• Call me when you arrive.
• Wait here until I return.
• As soon as the bell rang, the children left.

Future meaning থাকলেও time clause-এ সাধারণত will ব্যবহার করা হয় না:

• Incorrect: I will call you when I will reach home.
• Correct: I will call you when I reach home.

Purpose

so that, in order that, lest purpose বোঝায়।

• Speak clearly so that everyone can understand.
• He left early in order that he might catch the train.
• Work carefully lest you should make a mistake.

Lest নিজেই negative purpose বোঝায়; সাধারণত lest…not ব্যবহার হয় না।

Result

so + adjective/adverb + that

• He was so tired that he could not walk.

such + (a/an) + adjective + noun + that

• It was such a difficult question that nobody answered it.
• They were such difficult questions that nobody answered them.

Comparison and Manner

than, as…as, as if, as though তুলনা বা manner বোঝায়।

• She is taller than her sister.
• He behaves as if he knew everything.

Unreal present situation-এ as if/as though-এর পরে past form ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

Place

where, wherever place clause তৈরি করে।

• Sit where you can see the board.
• I will follow you wherever you go.

Correlative Conjunctions

জোড়ায় ব্যবহৃত conjunction। যুক্ত অংশগুলির grammatical structure parallel হওয়া দরকার।

Both…and

• She is both intelligent and hardworking.

Either…or

• You may take either tea or coffee.

Neither…nor

• Neither Rina nor Mina was absent.

Not only…but also

• He not only wrote the lesson but also explained it.

Whether…or

• I do not know whether he will come or stay home.

No sooner…than

• No sooner had the bell rung than the students left.

Hardly/Scarcely…when

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train arrived.

Agreement with Either…or and Neither…nor

Verb সাধারণত নিকটবর্তী subject অনুযায়ী হয়:

• Either the teacher or the students are responsible.
• Either the students or the teacher is responsible.
• Neither Rina nor her friends were present.

Both…and সাধারণত plural verb গ্রহণ করে:

• Both Rina and Mina are ready.

Parallel Structure

Correlative conjunction-এর দুই পাশে একই grammatical pattern রাখা উচিত।

• Incorrect: She likes both reading and to write.
• Correct: She likes both reading and writing.

• Incorrect: He not only lost the key but also his wallet.
• Correct: He lost not only the key but also his wallet.

Connectors and Their Logical Functions

Addition

and, also, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition

• The book is informative; moreover, it is easy to read.

Contrast

but, yet, however, nevertheless, whereas, while, on the other hand

• The task was difficult; however, she completed it.

Cause

because, since, as, because of, due to, owing to

Result

so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result

• The road was flooded; therefore, the school remained closed.

Example

for example, for instance, such as

Sequence

first, next, then, afterwards, finally

Summary

in short, in brief, overall, to sum up

Conjunction বনাম Conjunctive Adverb

And, but, or, so coordinating conjunction। However, therefore, moreover, nevertheless conjunctive adverb বা sentence connector।

দুটি independent clause conjunctive adverb দিয়ে যুক্ত করলে সাধারণত semicolon-এর পরে connector এবং comma ব্যবহৃত হয়:

• It was raining; however, we continued playing.
• He worked hard; therefore, he succeeded.

Comma splice এড়াতে হবে:

• Incorrect: It was raining, however, we continued.
• Correct: It was raining; however, we continued.
• Correct: It was raining, but we continued.

Because and So

একই reason-result structure-এ সাধারণত because এবং so দুটোই একসঙ্গে ব্যবহার করা হয় না।

• Incorrect: Because it rained, so the match was cancelled.
• Correct: Because it rained, the match was cancelled.
• Correct: It rained, so the match was cancelled.

Though and Yet

Formal structure-এ though…yet সম্ভব, কিন্তু ordinary sentence-এ although-এর সঙ্গে but ব্যবহার করা ভুল।

• Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
• Although he is poor, he is honest.

Until and Unless

• until = সময় পর্যন্ত
• unless = if not, শর্ত

• Wait until I return.
• You cannot succeed unless you work.

While and Whereas

দুটি বিপরীত তথ্য পাশাপাশি তুলনা করতে পারে:

• Rina enjoys reading, whereas Mina prefers painting.
• Some learners work quickly, while others need more time.

While একই সময়ও বোঝাতে পারে:

• She listened while I explained.

Common Errors

• Incorrect: Though he is poor but he is honest.

Correct: Though he is poor, he is honest.

• Incorrect: Because he was ill, so he stayed home.

Correct: Because he was ill, he stayed home.

• Incorrect: Unless you do not study, you will fail.

Correct: Unless you study, you will fail.

• Incorrect: No sooner had he arrived when it rained.

Correct: No sooner had he arrived than it rained.

• Incorrect: Hardly had I sat down than the bell rang.

Correct: Hardly had I sat down when the bell rang.

• Incorrect: She is both intelligent as well as hardworking.

Correct: She is both intelligent and hardworking.

• Incorrect: He asked that where I lived.

Correct: He asked where I lived.

• Incorrect: Wait here until I will return.

Correct: Wait here until I return.

Contextual Choice

Connector নির্বাচন করার আগে দুটি clause-এর logical relation বুঝতে হবে:

• reason → because/since
• unexpected contrast → although/however/yet
• direct result → so/therefore
• condition → if/unless
• purpose → so that/in order that
• alternative → or/either…or

শুধু বাংলা অনুবাদ নয়, connector-এর পরে clause না noun phrase বসছে এবং punctuation কী হবে—এটিও বিবেচ্য।