Part of Speech: Adverb

Adverb (ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ)

Adverb কী?

Definition: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or sometimes an entire sentence.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা: যে শব্দ Verb, Adjective, অন্য Adverb অথবা সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যের অর্থকে বিশেষিত বা স্পষ্ট করে তাকে Adverb বলে।

• She sings beautifully. — modifies the verb sings
• It is very cold. — modifies the adjective cold
• He walked quite slowly. — quite modifies slowly
• Fortunately, nobody was hurt. — modifies the whole sentence

Adverb সাধারণত how, when, where, how often, how much, to what extent—এই প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর দেয়।

Adverb কীভাবে চিনবেন

অনেক Adverb-এর শেষে -ly থাকে, কিন্তু শুধু suffix দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া যায় না।

• quick → quickly
• careful → carefully
• happy → happily

তবে friendly, lovely, lively, lonely, costly, cowardly, elderly সাধারণত Adjective। আবার fast, hard, late, early, straight -ly ছাড়াই Adverb হতে পারে।

• a friendly teacher — Adjective
• The teacher spoke kindly. — Adverb
• a fast train — Adjective
• The train moves fast. — Adverb

1. Adverb of Manner

কাজটি কীভাবে হয় তা বোঝায়। সাধারণত প্রশ্ন: How?

Examples: slowly, carefully, bravely, politely, well, fast, hard।

• The child answered politely.
• She completed the work carefully.
• He works hard.

Manner adverb সাধারণত verb বা object-এর পরে বসে:

• She spoke softly.
• He completed the task successfully.

2. Adverb of Place

কাজটি কোথায় ঘটে তা বোঝায়। প্রশ্ন: Where?

Examples: here, there, everywhere, outside, upstairs, nearby, abroad, away।

• Please wait outside.
• I looked everywhere.
• The children went upstairs.

3. Adverb of Time

কাজটি কখন ঘটে তা বোঝায়। প্রশ্ন: When?

Examples: now, then, today, yesterday, soon, already, recently, immediately।

• She arrived yesterday.
• We shall begin soon.
• He has already finished.

4. Adverb of Frequency

কাজটি কতবার বা কত নিয়মিত ঘটে তা বোঝায়।

Examples: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never।

সাধারণত main verb-এর আগে বসে:

• She often reads at night.
• They never waste time.

কিন্তু be verb-এর পরে বসে:

• He is always punctual.
• They were never careless.

Auxiliary থাকলে প্রথম auxiliary-এর পরে:

• She has never visited Delhi.
• You should always speak the truth.

5. Adverb of Degree

গুণ বা কাজের মাত্রা বোঝায়। প্রশ্ন: How much? To what extent?

Examples: very, too, quite, rather, almost, nearly, enough, extremely, completely, hardly।

• The water is very cold.
• He is too weak to walk.
• The answer is quite correct.
• She has almost finished.

Very এবং Too

Very শুধু বেশি মাত্রা বোঝায়; too সাধারণত প্রয়োজনের চেয়ে বেশি এবং নেতিবাচক ফল বোঝায়।

• The tea is very hot.
• The tea is too hot to drink.

Enough-এর অবস্থান

Enough adjective বা adverb-এর পরে, কিন্তু noun-এর আগে বসে:

• He is strong enough.
• She ran quickly enough.
• We have enough time.

6. Adverb of Affirmation and Negation

নিশ্চয়তা বা অস্বীকৃতি প্রকাশ করে: certainly, surely, definitely, indeed, yes, no, not, never।

• She will certainly help.
• He is not ready.

7. Adverb of Reason or Result

কারণ বা ফলের সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে: therefore, hence, consequently, thus।

• It was raining; therefore, the match was cancelled.
• He worked hard and thus succeeded.

8. Interrogative Adverb

প্রশ্ন করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়: when, where, why, how।

• Where do you live?
• Why are you late?
• How did you solve it?

9. Relative Adverb

দুটি clause যুক্ত করে এবং পূর্ববর্তী noun-এর সঙ্গে সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করে: when, where, why।

• This is the house where I was born.
• I remember the day when we first met.
• Tell me the reason why you left.

Interrogative adverb প্রশ্ন করে; relative adverb clause যুক্ত করে।

10. Sentence Adverb

বক্তার মনোভাব বা সম্পূর্ণ বক্তব্য সম্পর্কে মন্তব্য প্রকাশ করে।

Examples: fortunately, unfortunately, honestly, probably, perhaps, clearly, apparently।

• Fortunately, we reached on time.
• Perhaps, she has forgotten.
• Honestly, I did not know the answer.

11. Focusing Adverb

বাক্যের একটি অংশকে বিশেষ গুরুত্ব দেয়: only, even, just, merely, mainly, especially, also।

Adverb-এর অবস্থান বদলালে অর্থ বদলে যেতে পারে:

• Only Rina answered. — অন্য কেউ নয়
• Rina only answered. — আর কিছু করেনি
• Rina answered only one question. — একটির বেশি নয়

Formation of Adverbs

সাধারণভাবে adjective + ly

• slow → slowly
• careful → carefully
• beautiful → beautifully

y পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ily

• happy → happily
• easy → easily

le পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ly

• gentle → gently
• possible → possibly

ic-এর পরে ally

• tragic → tragically
• scientific → scientifically

Exception: public → publicly

Adjective এবং Adverb: গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পার্থক্য

Adjective Noun/Pronoun-কে, Adverb সাধারণত Verb/Adjective/Adverb-কে modify করে।

• She is a careful driver.
• She drives carefully.
• He gave a quick reply.
• He replied quickly.

Linking verb-এর পরে Subject-কে বর্ণনা করলে Adjective বসে:

• The soup tastes good.
• She looks happy.
• I feel bad about the mistake.

Good এবং Well

Good Adjective; well সাধারণত Adverb।

• She is a good singer.
• She sings well.

Health বোঝালে well Adjective হতে পারে:

• I am not well today.

Hard এবং Hardly

এদের অর্থ আলাদা:

• He works hard. — পরিশ্রম করে
• He hardly works. — প্রায় কাজই করে না

Hardly নিজেই negative sense বহন করে; এর সঙ্গে সাধারণত not বসে না।

Late এবং Lately

• He arrived late. — দেরিতে
• I have not seen him lately. — সম্প্রতি

Near এবং Nearly

• Come near. — কাছে
• The work is nearly finished. — প্রায়

High এবং Highly

• The bird flew high. — উচ্চতায়
• She is highly respected. — অত্যন্ত

Free এবং Freely

• Children under five travel free. — বিনা খরচে
• You may speak freely. — বাধাহীনভাবে

Direct এবং Directly

• The train goes direct to Delhi. — কোনো বিরতি/পরিবর্তন ছাড়া
• Come directly. — সঙ্গে সঙ্গে; সরাসরি

Position of Adverbs

Front position

Sentence adverb, time বা linking expression শুরুতে আসতে পারে:

• Yesterday, we visited the museum.
• Fortunately, nobody was injured.

Mid position

Frequency ও certainty adverb সাধারণত subject এবং main verb-এর মধ্যে, অথবা auxiliary-এর পরে বসে:

• She usually walks to school.
• He has probably forgotten.

End position

Manner, place এবং definite time সাধারণত শেষে বসে:

• She spoke clearly.
• They waited outside.
• We met yesterday.

একাধিক end-position adverb থাকলে সাধারণ ক্রম:

Manner → Place → Time

• She sang beautifully at the concert last night.

Already, Yet এবং Still

• already affirmative sentence-এ, সাধারণত mid position
• yet প্রশ্ন ও negative sentence-এ, সাধারণত শেষে
• still কাজ চলমান বোঝায়, সাধারণত main verb-এর আগে

• She has already arrived.
• Has she arrived yet?
• She has not arrived yet.
• She is still working.

Too, Also এবং Either

• also সাধারণত mid position
• too affirmative sentence-এর শেষে
• either negative sentence-এর শেষে

• She also speaks Bengali.
• She speaks English too.
• She does not speak French either.

Comparison of Adverbs

-er/-est

ছোট adverb-এর ক্ষেত্রে:

• fast → faster → fastest
• hard → harder → hardest
• early → earlier → earliest

more/most

• carefully → more carefully → most carefully
• efficiently → more efficiently → most efficiently

Irregular forms

• She sings better than I do.
• Of all the runners, Ravi ran the fastest.

Negative Adverbs and Inversion

Negative বা restrictive adverb শুরুতে এলে auxiliary ও subject-এর inversion হয়।

• Never have I seen such a view.
• Rarely does he make a mistake.
• Hardly had I reached the station when the train arrived.
• No sooner had he entered than it started raining.
• Not only did she sing, but she also danced.

Common Errors

• Incorrect: She sings beautiful.

Correct: She sings beautifully.

• Incorrect: He is a carefully driver.

Correct: He is a careful driver.

• Incorrect: The flower smells sweetly.

Correct: The flower smells sweet.

• Incorrect: He works hardly to succeed.

Correct: He works hard to succeed.

• Incorrect: I am very much tired.

Correct: I am very tired.

• Incorrect: She is enough intelligent.

Correct: She is intelligent enough.

• Incorrect: He returned back home.

Correct: He returned home.

• Incorrect: She did the work good.

Correct: She did the work well.

Context-based Identification

• It is a daily newspaper. — Adjective
• It is published daily. — Adverb
• He took an early train. — Adjective
• He arrived early. — Adverb
• This is a hard question. — Adjective
• She worked hard. — Adverb

একটি শব্দ কোথায় বসেছে এবং কাকে modify করছে—এই দুটি বিষয় দেখে তার part of speech নির্ধারণ করতে হবে।