Non-finite Verbs: Infinitive, Gerund and Participle

Non-finite Verbs: Infinitive, Gerund and Participle

Finite ও Non-finite Verb

Finite verb subject, person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। Non-finite verb নিজে tense বা subject agreement প্রকাশ করে না।

• She writes every day. — finite
• She wants to write. — non-finite
• Writing regularly improves fluency. — non-finite
• The letter written yesterday is here. — non-finite

একটি independent clause-এ finite verb দরকার; non-finite form noun, adjective, adverb বা verb complement-এর কাজ করতে পারে।

প্রধান প্রকার

1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Participle

Infinitive

Infinitive সাধারণত to + base verb:

• to read
• to write
• to learn

কখনও to ছাড়া base form ব্যবহৃত হয়; সেটি bare infinitive।

Infinitive as Subject

• To forgive is difficult.
• To learn a language requires practice.

আধুনিক ইংরেজিতে introductory it বেশি স্বাভাবিক হতে পারে:

• It is difficult to forgive.

Infinitive as Object or Complement

• She wants to study.
• They decided to leave.
• His aim is to become a teacher.

Common verbs followed by infinitive:

agree, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish।

Infinitive of Purpose

কাজের উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায়:

• She went to the library to study.
• He works hard to succeed.

Formal alternatives: in order to, so as to।

Negative purpose:

• He left quietly so as not to disturb anyone.

Adjective + Infinitive

• I am happy to help.
• This question is difficult to answer.
• She is ready to begin.

Noun + Infinitive

• I have a lesson to prepare.
• She made a decision to resign.
• There is no time to waste.

Question Word + Infinitive

what, how, where, when, which-এর পরে infinitive হতে পারে।

• I do not know what to do.
• Show me how to solve it.
• She cannot decide which book to buy.

Too…to and Enough to

• He is too weak to walk.
• She is strong enough to lift it.

Enough adjective/adverb-এর পরে, noun-এর আগে:

• old enough to vote
• enough time to finish

Infinitive after Object

কিছু verb-এর pattern: verb + object + to-infinitive।

advise, allow, ask, encourage, expect, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, want, warn।

• The teacher advised us to revise.
• She reminded me to call.
• They allowed the children to play.

Passive Infinitive

to be + V3

• The work needs to be completed.
• She wants to be invited.

Perfect Infinitive

to have + V3 আগের action বোঝায়।

• He seems to have forgotten the address.
• She is believed to have left the country.

Continuous Infinitive

to be + V-ing চলমান action বোঝায়।

• He appears to be sleeping.

Bare Infinitive

To ছাড়া base verb।

After modal auxiliaries

• She can sing.
• You should study.

After let and make

• Let me go.
• The teacher made him rewrite the answer.

Make-এর passive-এ to ফিরে আসে:

• He was made to rewrite the answer.

After had better, would rather, rather than

• You had better leave.
• I would rather stay home.

After see/hear/watch/feel + object

সম্পূর্ণ action দেখলে bare infinitive:

• I saw him cross the road.

চলমান অংশ দেখলে -ing:

• I saw him crossing the road.

Help-এর পরে bare বা to-infinitive দুটোই সম্ভব:

• She helped me solve/to solve the problem.

Gerund

Gerund হলো V-ing form যা noun-এর কাজ করে।

• Reading is useful. — subject
• I enjoy reading. — object
• Her hobby is painting. — complement

Gerund after Prepositions

Preposition-এর পরে verb লাগলে gerund ব্যবহার হয়।

• She is interested in learning English.
• He left without saying goodbye.
• Thank you for helping me.

To preposition হলে gerund:

• I look forward to meeting you.
• She is used to waking early.
• He objected to paying the fee.

Verbs Followed by Gerund

admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest।

• She enjoys reading.
• Avoid making noise.
• He suggested taking a taxi.

Suggest-এর পরে সরাসরি object + to-infinitive নয়:

• Incorrect: He suggested me to go.
• Correct: He suggested going.
• Correct: He suggested that I should go.

Common Expressions + Gerund

• cannot help
• cannot stand
• it is no use/good
• be worth
• feel like
• have difficulty/trouble

• I cannot help laughing.
• This book is worth reading.
• It is no use arguing.

Possessive before Gerund

Formal usage-এ gerund-এর doer possessive হতে পারে:

• I appreciate your helping me.
• Do you mind my opening the window?

Informal English-এ object form-ও শোনা যায়।

Participle

Participle verb থেকে তৈরি হলেও adjective বা clause-reducing form হিসেবে কাজ করে।

প্রধান forms:

• Present participle: V-ing
• Past participle: V3
• Perfect participle: having + V3

Present Participle

Active বা continuing meaning:

• a smiling child
• the man standing near the gate
• Walking along the road, I saw a bird.

Past Participle

Passive বা completed meaning:

• a broken chair
• the letters written yesterday
• Surprised by the news, she remained silent.

Irregular past participle মনে রাখা জরুরি: written, spoken, gone, seen, taken, broken।

Perfect Participle

Main action-এর আগে non-finite action সম্পন্ন হলে:

• Having completed the work, she went home.
• Having been warned, he became careful.

Participial Adjectives: -ing vs -ed

• -ing: feeling-এর cause
• -ed: person experiencing the feeling

• The lesson was interesting.
• The learners were interested.
• The instructions were confusing.
• The students were confused.

Reduced Relative Clauses

• The girl who is wearing a blue dress is my sister.
• The girl wearing a blue dress is my sister.

• The books that were published last year are useful.
• The books published last year are useful.

Active meaning → V-ing; passive/completed meaning → V3।

Reduced Adverb Clauses

দুই clause-এর subject একই হলে reduction সম্ভব।

• While she was walking home, she saw an accident.
• While walking home, she saw an accident.

• After he had completed the work, he left.
• Having completed the work, he left.

Dangling Participle

Participle phrase-এর implied subject main clause-এর subject-এর সঙ্গে মিলতে হবে।

• Incorrect: Walking down the road, the trees looked beautiful.
• Correct: Walking down the road, I found the trees beautiful.

প্রথম বাক্যে মনে হচ্ছে trees হাঁটছিল—এটাই dangling modifier।

Gerund এবং Present Participle-এর পার্থক্য

দুটির form V-ing হলেও function আলাদা।

• Swimming is good exercise. — Gerund; noun/subject
• The swimming child waved. — Participle; adjective
• She is swimming. — continuous verb phrase

Function দেখে পরিচয় নির্ধারণ করতে হবে।

Verbs Taking Gerund or Infinitive with Similar Meaning

begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, prefer অনেক ক্ষেত্রে উভয় form নিতে পারে।

• It began raining/to rain.
• She likes reading/to read.

Meaning বা style-এ সূক্ষ্ম পার্থক্য থাকতে পারে।

Meaning Changes with Gerund and Infinitive

Stop

• stop smoking = অভ্যাস বন্ধ করা
• stop to smoke = অন্য কাজ থামিয়ে smoking করা

Remember

• remember to lock = ভবিষ্যৎ duty মনে রাখা
• remember locking = অতীত action-এর memory

Forget

• forget to call = call করা হয়নি
• forget meeting = meeting-এর memory নেই

Try

• try to open = চেষ্টা করা
• try opening = একটি পদ্ধতি পরীক্ষা করা

Regret

• regret to inform = এখন দুঃখের সঙ্গে জানানো
• regret saying = আগে বলার জন্য অনুতাপ

Mean

• mean to do = intention
• mean doing = involve/result in

• I meant to call you.
• This job means working at night.

Need, Want and Require

Passive meaning-এ gerund বা passive infinitive সম্ভব:

• The room needs cleaning.
• The room needs to be cleaned.

Common Errors

• Incorrect: She enjoys to read.

Correct: She enjoys reading.

• Incorrect: He decided going home.

Correct: He decided to go home.

• Incorrect: I look forward to meet you.

Correct: I look forward to meeting you.

• Incorrect: The teacher made him to write.

Correct: The teacher made him write.

• Incorrect: He was made write it.

Correct: He was made to write it.

• Incorrect: She suggested to take a taxi.

Correct: She suggested taking a taxi.

• Incorrect: I am used to wake early.

Correct: I am used to waking early.

• Incorrect: The story was bored.

Correct: The story was boring.

A Reliable Solving Method

1. Form-এর আগে modal, preposition বা particular verb আছে কি না দেখুন।
2. Wordটি noun, adjective না verb complement—function নির্ধারণ করুন।
3. Action active/continuing না passive/completed তা বিচার করুন।
4. Two actions-এর time relationship দেখুন।
5. Verb pattern এবং meaning-change rules প্রয়োগ করুন।
6. Participle phrase-এর implied subject মিলছে কি না দেখুন।