Part of Speech: Verb and Auxiliary Verbs

Verb and Auxiliary Verbs (ক্রিয়া ও সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া)

Verb কী?

Definition: A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, possession or state of being.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা: যে শব্দ কাজ, ঘটনা, অবস্থা, অনুভূতি বা অধিকার প্রকাশ করে তাকে Verb বলে। Verb ছাড়া সাধারণত একটি সম্পূর্ণ sentence গঠিত হয় না।

• Rina writes neatly. — action
• The accident happened yesterday. — occurrence
• He has a bicycle. — possession
• They are happy. — state

Main Verb এবং Auxiliary Verb

Main Verb

যে Verb বাক্যের মূল অর্থ বহন করে তাকে Main বা Principal Verb বলে।

• She reads every day.
• They built a bridge.

Auxiliary Verb

Main Verb-কে tense, voice, question, negation বা emphasis গঠনে সাহায্য করে। প্রধান Primary Auxiliaries হলো be, have, do।

• She is reading.
• They have finished.
• Do you know him?

একই Verb কখনও Main, কখনও Auxiliary হতে পারে:

• I have a car. — Main Verb
• I have completed the work. — Auxiliary

Forms of Be

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Be linking verb এবং auxiliary—দুইভাবেই ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• The child is tired. — Linking Verb
• The child is sleeping. — Auxiliary
• The letter was written yesterday. — Passive auxiliary

Forms of Have

have, has, had, having

• She has a new bag. — possession
• She has finished the work. — perfect tense
• Having completed the work, she left.

Forms of Do

do, does, did, done, doing

Do/does/did প্রশ্ন, negative এবং emphasis-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়:

• Does he play football?
• He does not play football.
• I do understand your problem.

Do-এর পরে Verb-এর base form বসে:

• Incorrect: Did she went?
• Correct: Did she go?

Action Verb

কোনো কাজ প্রকাশ করে: run, write, speak, build, think, learn।

Action Verb দুই ধরনের হতে পারে—dynamic এবং stative।

Dynamic Verb

সক্রিয় কাজ বা পরিবর্তন বোঝায় এবং সাধারণত continuous form গ্রহণ করতে পারে।

• She is running.
• They are building a house.

Stative Verb

অবস্থা, অনুভূতি, চিন্তা, অধিকার বা উপলব্ধি বোঝায়। সাধারণত continuous form-এ ব্যবহৃত হয় না।

Common stative verbs: know, believe, understand, love, hate, prefer, belong, own, seem, need।

• Correct: I know the answer.
• Usually incorrect: I am knowing the answer.

কিছু Verb অর্থ পরিবর্তিত হলে continuous হতে পারে:

• I think he is right. — opinion
• I am thinking about the problem. — mental activity
• She has a car. — possession
• She is having lunch. — activity

Linking Verb

Subject-কে Subject Complement-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে এবং action না দেখিয়ে অবস্থা বা পরিচয় প্রকাশ করে।

Common linking verbs: be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, taste, sound, remain, grow, turn।

• The soup tastes good.
• The sky became dark.
• She looks tired.

Linking Verb-এর পরে Subject-কে বর্ণনা করলে Adjective ব্যবহৃত হয়:

• Correct: The music sounds beautiful.
• Incorrect: The music sounds beautifully.

Transitive Verb

যে Verb-এর অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে Object দরকার তাকে Transitive Verb বলে।

• She opened the door.
• I bought a book.

Verb-এর পরে what? বা whom? প্রশ্ন করলে Object পাওয়া যায়।

Intransitive Verb

যে Verb Object ছাড়াই সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Intransitive Verb বলে।

• The baby cried.
• The sun rises.
• He slept peacefully.

একই Verb প্রসঙ্গভেদে দুইভাবেই ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:

• The bell rang. — Intransitive
• The peon rang the bell. — Transitive
• The door opened. — Intransitive
• She opened the door. — Transitive

Ditransitive Verb

দুটি Object গ্রহণ করে—Indirect Object এবং Direct Object।

• She gave me a pen.
• The teacher taught us English.

Regular এবং Irregular Verb

Regular Verb

Past এবং Past Participle-এ সাধারণত -ed/-d যোগ হয়।

• work–worked–worked
• love–loved–loved
• stop–stopped–stopped

Irregular Verb

নির্দিষ্ট -ed নিয়ম অনুসরণ করে না।

Common errors:

• Incorrect: He has went home.
• Correct: He has gone home.
• Incorrect: She has wrote a letter.
• Correct: She has written a letter.

Finite Verb

Subject, person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী যে Verb পরিবর্তিত হয় তাকে Finite Verb বলে।

• He plays football.
• They play football.
• He played yesterday.

একটি পূর্ণ clause-এ অন্তত একটি finite verb থাকে।

Non-finite Verb

Subject বা tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় না। প্রধান তিন প্রকার: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle।

• She wants to read. — Infinitive
• Reading is useful. — Gerund
• The broken chair was repaired. — Participle

Non-finite verbs পরে আলাদা অধ্যায়ে বিস্তারিতভাবে আলোচিত হবে।

Causative Verb

Subject নিজে কাজ না করে অন্য কাউকে দিয়ে করালে causative structure হয়।

Have/Get + object + past participle

• I had my hair cut.
• She got the room painted.

Make/Let/Help

• The teacher made him rewrite the answer.
• Let me go.
• She helped me solve/to solve the problem.

Make এবং let-এর active structure-এ সাধারণত bare infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Phrasal Verb

Verb-এর সঙ্গে adverb বা preposition যুক্ত হয়ে নতুন অর্থ তৈরি করলে Phrasal Verb হয়।

• give up = abandon
• look after = take care of
• put off = postpone
• call off = cancel
• find out = discover

• The match was called off.
• Please look after the child.

Phrasal verbs-এর জন্য পৃথক vocabulary post থাকবে।

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare, used to ability, possibility, permission, duty, advice বা necessity বোঝায়।

Modal-এর পরে সাধারণত base form বসে:

• She can sing.
• You should study.
• He must leave now.

• Incorrect: He can sings.
• Correct: He can sing.

Modals আলাদা অধ্যায়ে বিস্তারিতভাবে আলোচিত হবে।

Subject–Verb Agreement: Essential Rules

Singular subject + singular verb

• The boy plays.
• Each student has a book.

Plural subject + plural verb

• The boys play.
• The students have books.

and দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি subject

সাধারণত plural verb:

• Rina and Mina are friends.

একটি একক ধারণা বোঝালে singular হতে পারে:

• Bread and butter is my breakfast.

along with/as well as/together with

Verb প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী হয়:

• The teacher, along with the students, is present.

either…or/neither…nor

Verb নিকটবর্তী subject অনুযায়ী হয়:

• Either the teacher or the students are responsible.
• Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

Agreement-এর জন্য পৃথক পূর্ণাঙ্গ অধ্যায় থাকবে।

Verb Patterns

কিছু Verb-এর পরে gerund, কিছু Verb-এর পরে infinitive ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Verb + gerund

enjoy, avoid, finish, mind, suggest, practise

• She enjoys reading.
• Avoid making noise.

Verb + infinitive

want, decide, hope, promise, refuse, agree

• He decided to leave.
• She promised to help.

অর্থ পরিবর্তন

• I stopped smoking. — habit ended
• I stopped to smoke. — stopped another activity for this purpose
• Remember to post the letter. — future duty
• I remember posting the letter. — memory of past action

Common Errors

• Incorrect: He do not know me.

Correct: He does not know me.

• Incorrect: She did not went there.

Correct: She did not go there.

• Incorrect: He has came home.

Correct: He has come home.

• Incorrect: I am understanding the lesson.

Correct: I understand the lesson.

• Incorrect: The news are true.

Correct: The news is true.

• Incorrect: One of the boys have won.

Correct: One of the boys has won.

• Incorrect: She can to swim.

Correct: She can swim.

• Incorrect: He made me to wait.

Correct: He made me wait.

Contextual Analysis

একই শব্দ Noun বা Verb হতে পারে:

• I need some water. — Noun
• Please water the plants. — Verb
• They went for a walk. — Noun
• They walk every morning. — Verb

Verb phrase-এ একাধিক auxiliary থাকতে পারে, কিন্তু শেষের lexical verb মূল অর্থ বহন করে:

• The work may have been completed.
• may = modal
• have = perfect auxiliary
• been = passive auxiliary
• completed = main verb