Sentence and Its Types

Sentence and Its Types (বাক্য ও তার প্রকারভেদ)

Sentence কী?

Definition: A sentence is a grammatically organised group of words that expresses a complete thought, question, command, wish or exclamation.

বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা: সুশৃঙ্খলভাবে সাজানো যে word group একটি সম্পূর্ণ বক্তব্য, প্রশ্ন, আদেশ, ইচ্ছা বা আবেগ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Sentence বলে।

• The children are playing.
• Where do you live?
• Please close the door.

শুধু capital letter ও full stop থাকলেই sentence হয় না; complete grammatical meaning থাকতে হবে।

Sentence-এর মৌলিক উপাদান

Subject

যার সম্পর্কে কিছু বলা হয় বা যে কাজটি করে/অবস্থায় থাকে।

Predicate

Subject সম্পর্কে যা বলা হয়; finite verb-সহ বাক্যের বাকি অংশ।

• The little girl / opened the window.
• Subject: The little girl
• Predicate: opened the window

Imperative sentence-এ implied subject সাধারণত you:

• (You) Sit down.

Phrase and Clause

Phrase

সম্পূর্ণ subject–finite verb relationship ছাড়া word group।

• in the morning
• a very beautiful flower
• to finish the work

Clause

Subject এবং finite verb-যুক্ত word group।

• she arrived
• because it was raining

Independent clause একা sentence হতে পারে; dependent clause পারে না।

Function অনুযায়ী Sentence-এর প্রকার

1. Declarative বা Assertive Sentence

Statement, information, opinion বা fact প্রকাশ করে। সাধারণত full stop-এ শেষ হয়।

• The earth moves around the sun.
• I do not agree with the proposal.

Affirmative Assertive

• She is ready.

Negative Assertive

• She is not ready.

Assertive sentence মানেই affirmative নয়; negative statement-ও assertive।

2. Interrogative Sentence

প্রশ্ন করে এবং question mark-এ শেষ হয়।

Yes/No Question

Auxiliary subject-এর আগে আসে:

• Is she ready?
• Do you know him?
• Can they swim?

WH-question

Who, what, which, when, where, why, how ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

• Where do you live?
• Why was she absent?

WH-word নিজেই subject হলে do-support লাগে না:

• Who broke the glass?

Compare:

• Who called you? — who = subject
• Whom did you call? — whom = object

Alternative Question

• Would you like tea or coffee?

Tag Question

• She is ready, isn't she?

Rhetorical Question

উত্তর জানার জন্য নয়, emphasis বা effect-এর জন্য:

• Who does not want to be happy?

Form interrogative হলেও communicative purpose statement-like হতে পারে।

3. Imperative Sentence

Order, request, advice, instruction, warning বা invitation প্রকাশ করে। Subject you সাধারণত omitted।

• Sit down. — command
• Please help me. — request
• Take regular exercise. — advice
• Do not touch the wire. — warning
• Have some tea. — invitation

Negative imperative: Do not/Don't + V1

Emphatic imperative:

• Do be careful.

Let's structure suggestion বোঝায়:

• Let's begin.

4. Exclamatory Sentence

Strong feeling প্রকাশ করে এবং exclamation mark-এ শেষ হয়।

What structure

• What a beautiful flower it is!
• What beautiful flowers they are!
• What useful information this is!

How structure

• How beautifully she sings!
• How difficult the question is!

Ordinary order with exclamation

• It is a wonderful idea!

Interjection এবং exclamatory sentence আলাদা:

• Wow! — interjection
• What a wonderful idea it is! — exclamatory sentence

5. Optative Sentence

Wish, prayer, blessing বা curse প্রকাশ করে। Traditional classification-এ আলাদা ধরনের sentence।

• May you succeed!
• Long live our country!
• May God bless you!

Structure অনুযায়ী Sentence-এর প্রকার

1. Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র independent clause থাকে। একটি finite verb group থাকে, তবে একাধিক subject, object বা non-finite form থাকতে পারে।

• Rina reads books.
• Rina and Mina read and discuss books.
• Having completed the work, she went home.

শেষ example-এ having completed non-finite; finite clause একটিই, তাই simple sentence।

2. Compound Sentence

দুটি বা ততোধিক independent clause coordinating conjunction বা semicolon দিয়ে যুক্ত হয়।

• Rina studied hard, and she passed.
• He was tired, but he continued.
• Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
• The road was blocked; we took another route.

Common coordinators: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so।

প্রতিটি clause আলাদাভাবে sentence হতে পারে।

3. Complex Sentence

একটি independent clause এবং অন্তত একটি dependent clause থাকে।

• I stayed home because it was raining.
• When the bell rang, the students left.
• The book that you gave me is useful.

Dependent clause noun, adjective বা adverb clause হতে পারে।

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause এবং অন্তত একটি dependent clause থাকে।

• When the rain stopped, we left the house, and the children went to the park.

Independent clauses:

• we left the house
• the children went to the park

Dependent clause:

• when the rain stopped

Number of Verbs Is Not Enough

শুধু verb গুনে sentence type নির্ধারণ করা যায় না। Finite clause গুনতে হয়।

• She wants to learn English. — one finite clause; simple
• She knows that he is honest. — two finite clauses; complex
• Walking quickly, she reached school. — participial phrase; simple

Principal and Subordinate Clauses

Complex sentence-এর independent clause-কে principal/main clause এবং dependent clause-কে subordinate clause বলা হয়।

• I know that she is honest.
• Main: I know
• Subordinate: that she is honest

Noun Clause in a Sentence

Noun-এর কাজ করে—subject, object বা complement।

• What she said was true. — subject
• I know that she is honest. — object
• The truth is that we were late. — complement

Adjective/Relative Clause

Noun বা pronoun-কে modify করে।

• The boy who won the prize is my brother.
• This is the book that I wanted.

Adverb Clause

Time, place, reason, condition, purpose, result, contrast বা comparison প্রকাশ করে।

• We stayed home because it rained.
• Call me when you arrive.
• If you study, you will succeed.

Sentence Fragment

যে word group-কে sentence হিসেবে লেখা হয়েছে কিন্তু complete independent thought নেই।

• Fragment: Because it was raining.
• Complete: We stayed home because it was raining.

• Fragment: The boy standing near the gate.
• Complete: The boy standing near the gate is my brother.

শিরোনাম, বিজ্ঞাপন বা literary style-এ deliberate fragments থাকতে পারে; formal grammar-এ complete sentence দরকার।

Run-on Sentence

দুটি independent clause যথাযথ conjunction বা punctuation ছাড়া যুক্ত হলে run-on sentence।

• Incorrect: It was raining we stayed home.
• Correct: It was raining, so we stayed home.
• Correct: It was raining; we stayed home.

Comma Splice

শুধু comma দিয়ে দুটি independent clause যুক্ত করা ভুল।

• Incorrect: She studied hard, she passed.
• Correct: She studied hard, and she passed.
• Correct: She studied hard; therefore, she passed.

Basic Sentence Patterns

SV

• Birds fly.

SVC

• Rina is happy.

SVO

• Rina reads books.

SVOO

• She gave me a pen.

SVOC

• They elected him captain.

SVA

• She lives in Kolkata.

Pattern বোঝা object, complement ও adverbial চিহ্নিত করতে সাহায্য করে।

Object and Complement

Object action গ্রহণ করে; complement subject বা object-এর পরিচয়/গুণ সম্পূর্ণ করে।

• She opened the door. — object
• She is a teacher. — subject complement
• They elected him captain. — object complement

Sentence Polarity

Positive

• She understands the lesson.

Negative

• She does not understand the lesson.

Negative word থাকলেও sentence structure assertive হতে পারে:

• Nobody answered the question.

Direct and Indirect Questions

Direct question-এ inversion হয়:

• Where does she live?

Indirect question statement order অনুসরণ করে:

• Do you know where she lives?
• I wonder why he was absent.

• Incorrect: Do you know where does she live?
• Correct: Do you know where she lives?

Functional Meaning May Differ from Form

একটি grammatical form ভিন্ন communicative function পালন করতে পারে।

• Can you open the window? — form: interrogative; function: request
• You will leave now. — form: declarative; function: command
• Why don't we begin? — form: interrogative; function: suggestion

Context-based প্রশ্নে form ও function আলাদা করে দেখুন।

Punctuation by Sentence Type

• Declarative: full stop
• Direct interrogative: question mark
• Strong imperative/exclamatory: exclamation mark
• Mild imperative: full stop

Indirect question question mark নেয় না যদি পুরো sentence statement হয়:

• I wonder where she lives.

Common Errors

• Fragment: Although she was tired.

Complete: Although she was tired, she continued working.

• Run-on: He was ill he attended class.

Correct: He was ill, but he attended class.

• Incorrect: Where you are going?

Correct: Where are you going?

• Incorrect: Do you know where is he?

Correct: Do you know where he is?

• Incorrect: What a beautiful flower is it!

Correct: What a beautiful flower it is!

• Incorrect: The boy who standing there is my brother.

Correct: The boy who is standing there is my brother.

Correct reduced form: The boy standing there is my brother.

How to Identify Sentence Structure

1. সব finite verb চিহ্নিত করুন।
2. প্রতিটি finite verb-এর subject খুঁজুন।
3. কোন clause একা complete তা দেখুন।
4. Coordinator না subordinator—linking word শনাক্ত করুন।
5. Non-finite phrase-কে clause ধরে ভুল করবেন না।
6. Independent ও dependent clause গুনে type নির্ধারণ করুন।