Common Errors and Error Detection

Common Errors and Error Detection

Error Detection কী?

Error detection হলো sentence-এর grammar, usage, structure, meaning ও standard expression পরীক্ষা করে ভুল অংশ শনাক্ত এবং সংশোধন করা। শুধু অস্বাভাবিক শোনাচ্ছে বলে কোনো অংশ ভুল নয়; rule, context এবং intended meaning দিয়ে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে হয়।

একটি নির্ভরযোগ্য Checking Order

1. মূল subject ও finite verb খুঁজুন।
2. tense/time marker এবং verb form পরীক্ষা করুন।
3. noun countability, article ও determiner দেখুন।
4. pronoun reference ও case মিলান।
5. adjective/adverb এবং modifier position পরীক্ষা করুন।
6. preposition, conjunction ও parallel structure দেখুন।
7. clause boundary, punctuation এবং overall meaning যাচাই করুন।

Subject–Verb Agreement Errors

কাছের noun নয়, মূল subject অনুযায়ী verb।

• Incorrect: The quality of these books are good.
• Correct: The quality of these books is good.

• Incorrect: Each of the students have a card.
• Correct: Each of the students has a card.

• Incorrect: Rina, along with her friends, are coming.
• Correct: Rina, along with her friends, is coming.

A Number of / The Number of

• A number of students are absent.
• The number of students is increasing.

Either/Neither Structures

কাছের subject অনুযায়ী verb।

• Either the teacher or the students are responsible.
• Neither the students nor the teacher is absent.

Tense and Verb-form Errors

Auxiliary অনুযায়ী main verb form পরীক্ষা করুন।

• Incorrect: Did she went home?
• Correct: Did she go home?

• Incorrect: He has wrote a letter.
• Correct: He has written a letter.

• Incorrect: She is knowing the answer.
• Correct: She knows the answer.

• Incorrect: I have seen him yesterday.
• Correct: I saw him yesterday.

Since and For

• Incorrect: He has lived here since five years.
• Correct: He has lived here for five years.

Future Time Clauses

• Incorrect: I will call when I will arrive.
• Correct: I will call when I arrive.

Modal Errors

Modal-এর পরে base verb।

• Incorrect: He can sings/to sing.
• Correct: He can sing.

• Incorrect: You should have went.
• Correct: You should have gone.

• Incorrect intended meaning: You mustn't attend if you are busy.
• Correct: You needn't/don't have to attend if you are busy.

Mustn't = prohibition; needn't = no necessity।

Non-finite Verb Errors

Verb pattern এবং preposition খেয়াল করুন।

• Incorrect: She enjoys to read.
• Correct: She enjoys reading.

• Incorrect: He decided going home.
• Correct: He decided to go home.

• Incorrect: I look forward to meet you.
• Correct: I look forward to meeting you.

• Incorrect: The teacher made him to rewrite it.
• Correct: The teacher made him rewrite it.

Article Errors

A/an pronunciation-এর sound অনুযায়ী।

• Incorrect: an university
• Correct: a university

• Incorrect: a honest person
• Correct: an honest person

General plural/uncountable noun প্রায়ই zero article।

• Incorrect: The honesty is the best policy.
• Correct: Honesty is the best policy.

Specific unique reference-এ the:

• The sun rises in the east.

Determiner and Quantifier Errors

• Incorrect: many information
• Correct: much information / a lot of information

• Incorrect: a little friends
• Correct: a few friends

• Incorrect: less students
• Correct: fewer students

• Incorrect: every students are
• Correct: every student is

• Incorrect: the my book
• Correct: my book / the book

Countable and Uncountable Noun Errors

advice, information, furniture, luggage, equipment, scenery, homework, news সাধারণত uncountable/singular agreement।

• Incorrect: an advice
• Correct: a piece of advice

• Incorrect: many furnitures
• Correct: much furniture / many pieces of furniture

• Incorrect: The news are good.
• Correct: The news is good.

Number and Plural Errors

• child → children
• criterion → criteria
• phenomenon → phenomena
• analysis → analyses
• basis → bases

• Incorrect: two childs
• Correct: two children

Compound noun plural সাধারণত main element-এ:

• mothers-in-law
• passers-by

Pronoun Case Errors

Subject position-এ subject form; object/preposition-এর পরে object form।

• Incorrect: Me and Rina went there.
• Correct: Rina and I went there.

• Incorrect: Between you and I
• Correct: Between you and me

• Incorrect: The teacher praised Rina and I.
• Correct: The teacher praised Rina and me.

Reflexive Pronoun Errors

• Incorrect: Myself Rahul.
• Correct: I am Rahul.

• Incorrect: Rina and myself completed it.
• Correct: Rina and I completed it.

Reflexive form তখনই দরকার যখন subject ও object একই বা emphasis প্রয়োজন।

Pronoun Agreement and Reference

Pronoun-এর antecedent স্পষ্ট হতে হবে।

• Ambiguous: When Rina met Mina, she was upset.
• Clear: Rina was upset when she met Mina.

Modern standard usage-এ singular they গ্রহণযোগ্য:

• Every learner should bring their notebook.

Relative Pronoun Errors

• Incorrect: The boy which won is my friend.
• Correct: The boy who won is my friend.

• Incorrect: My father, that lives in Delhi, is a doctor.
• Correct: My father, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor.

• Incorrect: The man who I spoke was helpful.
• Correct: The man who I spoke to was helpful.

Adjective and Adverb Errors

• Incorrect: She sings beautiful.
• Correct: She sings beautifully.

• Incorrect: He is a carefully driver.
• Correct: He is a careful driver.

Linking verb-এর পরে subject complement adjective:

• Incorrect: The soup tastes well.
• Correct: The soup tastes good.

Confusing Adverb Pairs

• hard = diligently; hardly = almost not
• late = after expected time; lately = recently
• near = close; nearly = almost
• high = at a height; highly = greatly

• Incorrect intended meaning: He works hardly.
• Correct: He works hard.

Degree of Comparison Errors

• Incorrect: more taller
• Correct: taller

• Incorrect: most easiest
• Correct: easiest

• Incorrect: senior than
• Correct: senior to

• Incorrect: one of the best player
• Correct: one of the best players

দুইয়ের মধ্যে comparative; তিন বা বেশি হলে superlative।

Preposition Errors

Fixed combination বুঝে ব্যবহার করুন।

• good at
• interested in
• proud of
• depend on
• belong to
• prefer X to Y
• senior to

• Incorrect: discuss about the issue
• Correct: discuss the issue

• Incorrect: enter into the room
• Correct: enter the room

• Incorrect: married with
• Correct: married to

• Incorrect: reach at the station
• Correct: reach the station

Conjunction Errors

• Incorrect: Although he was tired, but he worked.
• Correct: Although he was tired, he worked.

• Incorrect: Because it rained, so we stayed home.
• Correct: Because it rained, we stayed home.

• Incorrect: Unless you do not study, you will fail.
• Correct: Unless you study, you will fail.

• No sooner…than
• Hardly/Scarcely…when

Parallelism Errors

সমমানের linked items একই grammatical form অনুসরণ করবে।

• Incorrect: She likes reading, to write and painting.
• Correct: She likes reading, writing and painting.

• Incorrect: He not only lost the key but also his wallet.
• Correct: He lost not only the key but also his wallet.

• Incorrect: The job requires accuracy, patience and to work hard.
• Correct: The job requires accuracy, patience and hard work.

Modifier Errors

Modifier যার সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত তার কাছে থাকতে হবে।

• Misplaced: She almost answered every question correctly.
• If intended number: She answered almost every question correctly.

• Dangling: Walking down the road, the trees looked beautiful.
• Correct: Walking down the road, I found the trees beautiful.

Redundancy Errors

একই অর্থ অপ্রয়োজনীয়ভাবে পুনরাবৃত্তি এড়ান।

• return back → return
• repeat again → repeat
• revert back → revert
• free gift → gift (context-dependent)
• past history → history
• join together → join

সব apparent repetition ভুল নয়; intended emphasis ও established expression বিবেচনা করুন।

Word-choice Errors

Affect/Effect

• affect সাধারণত verb
• effect সাধারণত noun

Advice/Advise

• advice noun
• advise verb

Principal/Principle

• principal = head/main
• principle = rule

Stationary/Stationery

• stationary = not moving
• stationery = writing materials

Context অনুযায়ী শব্দ নির্বাচন করুন।

Comparison Errors

একই class-এর logically comparable items তুলনা করুন।

• Illogical: The climate of Kolkata is warmer than Delhi.
• Correct: The climate of Kolkata is warmer than that of Delhi.

• Incorrect: Rina's marks are higher than Mina.
• Correct: Rina's marks are higher than Mina's.

Sentence Fragment

Dependent clause বা incomplete phrase একা sentence নয়।

• Fragment: Because she was ill.
• Complete: She stayed home because she was ill.

• Fragment: The boy standing near the gate.
• Complete: The boy standing near the gate is my brother.

Run-on and Comma Splice

• Run-on: It was raining we stayed home.
• Correct: It was raining, so we stayed home.

• Comma splice: She studied hard, she passed.
• Correct: She studied hard, and she passed.
• Correct: She studied hard; therefore, she passed.

Indirect Question Errors

Indirect clause statement word order অনুসরণ করে।

• Incorrect: I wonder where does she live.
• Correct: I wonder where she lives.

• Incorrect: He asked why was I late.
• Correct: He asked why I was late.

Voice Errors

Passive = appropriate be + V3।

• Incorrect: The letter is wrote.
• Correct: The letter is written.

• Incorrect: The road is repairing.
• Correct: The road is being repaired.

Intransitive verb-এর passive নয়:

• Incorrect: A sound sleep was slept by him.
• Natural: He slept soundly.

Narration Errors

• Incorrect: He said me that he was busy.
• Correct: He told me that he was busy.

• Incorrect: She asked that I was ready.
• Correct: She asked if/whether I was ready.

• Incorrect: He suggested me to go.
• Correct: He suggested going.
• Correct: He suggested that I should go.

Punctuation and Capitalisation Errors

• Incorrect: i live in kolkata.
• Correct: I live in Kolkata.

• Incorrect plural: student's are ready.
• Correct: Students are ready.

• Incorrect: The dog wagged it's tail.
• Correct: The dog wagged its tail.

• Comma splice ও quotation punctuation আলাদা করে পরীক্ষা করুন।

Idiomatic Usage

Literal translation standard English expression নাও হতে পারে।

• Incorrect: give an exam, if meaning sit for an exam
• Better: take/sit an examination

• Incorrect: cope up with
• Correct: cope with

• Incorrect: order for tea
• Correct: order tea

Regional usage ও standard examination usage আলাদা হতে পারে।

Error বনাম Style Preference

সব variation ভুল নয়। British/American spelling, collective-noun agreement, Oxford comma, singular they ইত্যাদিতে একাধিক standard form থাকতে পারে।

Error বলার আগে দেখুন:

• meaning বদলেছে কি?
• grammar rule ভেঙেছে কি?
• accepted standard variation কি?
• formal/informal register-এর পার্থক্য কি?

Final Error-detection Checklist

• Subject–verb agreement
• Tense এবং auxiliary-driven verb form
• Countability ও determiner
• Pronoun case/reference
• Adjective/adverb function
• Fixed preposition ও connector pair
• Parallel items
• Modifier placement
• Clause completeness
• Punctuation, spelling ও intended meaning